Hamlet, Laertes & Fortinbras: Avenging Their Fathers :: William Shakespeare

In the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the theme of retaliation is very palpable as the reader examines the characters of Hamlet himself, as well as Laertes, son of Polonius, and Fortinbras, prince of Norway and son of the late King Fortinbras. Each of these young characters matte up the need to avenge the deaths of their fathers who they felt were untimely killed at the bloody hands of their murderers. However, the way each chose to go about this varies greatly and gives insight into their characters and how they progress passim the play.Hamlet, Laertes and Fortinbras are similar in the fact that each had love, or at least respect their fathers. Enough to cast an attempt to wreak revenge upon their fathers murderers at the risk of their own reputation, freedom, and souls. Each characters father had a substantially high tender class in their respective countries, which in turn gives them high social class as well. With Hamlet and Fortinbras as sons of kings and Laertes as th e son of an aristocrat of high regard in the Danish court, all had a lot to decompress if unsuccessful in their ploy. Each of the sons believed that the killers had dishonored their fathers as well as themselves. Each acts in a way that they consider to be an attempt at restoring it to the family, as honor was a significant thing to uphold in this day. Although similar in age, class and ambition to destroy their fathers killers, Hamlet, Laertes and Fortinbras each have characteristics that make them different from each other and show how each acted unlike the others when carrying out their plans. Hamlet seems to be the one who lets things dwell in his mind before fetching any action or making an attempt at trying to get on with things. He shows this after the death of his father when he clay in morning and a depressed state for three months without trying to get on with his life. Laertes seems to be the more quick minded of the three as he makes hasty judgements about Hamlet and is quick to force his opinion upon his sister, Ophelia about his fears for her if she stays in the relationship. For Hamlet and the trifling of his favor, hold it a manner and a toy in blood, a violet in the youth of primy nature, forward, not permanent, sweet, not lasting, the perfume and suppliance of a minuteNo more.

Analysis of Archibald Lampmans The City of the End of Things Essay

Analysis of Archibald Lampmans The urban center of the End of Things Iron Towers. Terrible flames. Inhuman music, rising and falling. Grim depths and abysses, where only night holds sway and mordant creatures crawl before their awesome Master. Through these disturbing images, and a masterful adaptation of the sonnet structure, Archibald Lampman summons forth The City of the End of Things. The nameless City he creates is a place of mechanical slavery and despair, where Nature cannot exist, and human life is forfeit. The place is a veritable Hell no, worse than a pitfall - it is Tartarus. By evoking the name of this, the most feared of realms in classical Mythology, Lampman roots his poem, and thus his City and message, in Greek and Roman legend. This is very important since, by neglige the poem within a mythological narrative, it automatically begins to undermine any attempt to enforce Christian (and other) readings upon it. It becomes important to understand exac tly what is intended by the usage of Tartarus, and precisely how deeply it permeates the structure of the poem. Tartarus was not just another realm within the classical world - it was a land beyond Hades, beyond the Underworld, lying as far below hell as the Earth lay below Heaven is was said that an anvil would fall for nine years before reaching it. It was a land of exile, a prison for those who displeased the current ruling hierarchy of Gods and divine beings. Uranus imprisoned his first children there the Titans, having overthrown their father, threw the cyclops into Tartarus - only to take their place once Zeus rebellion disposed of the despotic giants. It soon became a place of such fear that the mere threa... ...in fact, seem devilish chaotic. Our mindless support of self-centred political systems, of abuse of fellow human beings of different nationalities - it may well have appeared quite insane to him. The poem, therefore, delivers a self-coloured message of warning we must develop a stronger awareness, a care of what is happening, lest we, the collective we - humanity, the Idiot, are left in the ruins of our effort, alone, forever. Works Cited Grimal, Pierre. Tartarus The Dictionary of Classical Mythology. new-sprung(prenominal) York Blackwell, 1986. p.443. Lampman, A. The City of the End of Things. Canadian Poetry From the Beginnings Through the First World War. Ed. Gerson, C and Davies, G. Toronto McClelland & Stewart, 1994. 259-262. Tripp, Edward. Tartarus Crowlls Handbook of Classical Mythology. New York Crowell, 1970. p.545.

Free Essays - The Metamorphosis of Holden in Sallingers Catcher in the Rye :: Catcher Rye Essays

The Metamorphosis of Holden in Sallingers Catcher in the Rye     In J.D. Sallingers Catcher in the Rye, is based on the sullen life of Holden Caulfield, a 16-year-old teen-ager is trying to find his sense of direction. Holden, a growing adult, cannot accept the responsibilities of an adult. Eventually realizing that there is no direction to avoid the adult life, he can only but accept this alternative lifestyle. What Holden describes the adult world as a sinful, corrupted life, he avoids it for trey important reasons His hatred towards phonies and liars, unable to accept adult responsibilities, and thirdly to enshrine his childhood youth.   Holden uses the word phony to identify everything in the world that he rejects or encounters with. People are too talkative, too quiet, or dissimilar. Holden, himself, believes he is this perfect person, but no one believes that he is. This is why Holden believes he is surrounded by phoniness. For example, Ossenburger of Pencey Prep, emphasizes that he talked to Jesus all the time, even when he was driving his car. Holden thinks this is a load of crap and asserts, that killed me. I just see the big phony dump shifting into first gear and asking Jesus to send him a few more stiffs (17). Holden sees why he would pray to Jesus, only to send him more or less more dead bodies to get more business. Not only do phonies bug Holden, but liars and crooks. Another example is Sunny and Maurice, the elevator boy. Maurice offers Holden a defile for the night, Innarested in having a infinitesimal tail tnight (90)? Holden decides to take up on this offer, and later that night, as promised Sunny knocks at his door. After entering the room, Holden cannot make a decision to sleep with the ruin, an example of Holden clinging on to his childhood. He instead pays the prostitute for her trouble getting to his room, but after leaving, she barges back in with Maurice, complaining of how fiddling she got . Maurice roughs up Holden and gets to his money, where Holden thinks more deprecate towards phonies and liars. Realizing what a real phony and liar people bound to be growing up, he decides to avoids the real world supererogatory Essays - The Metamorphosis of Holden in Sallingers Catcher in the Rye Catcher Rye Essays The Metamorphosis of Holden in Sallingers Catcher in the Rye     In J.D. Sallingers Catcher in the Rye, is based on the sullen life of Holden Caulfield, a 16-year-old teen-ager is trying to find his sense of direction. Holden, a growing adult, cannot accept the responsibilities of an adult. Eventually realizing that there is no way to avoid the adult life, he can only but accept this alternative lifestyle. What Holden describes the adult world as a sinful, corrupted life, he avoids it for triad important reasons His hatred towards phonies and liars, unable to accept adult responsibilities, and thirdly to enshrine his childhood youth.   Hol den uses the word phony to identify everything in the world that he rejects or encounters with. People are too talkative, too quiet, or dissimilar. Holden, himself, believes he is this perfect person, but no one believes that he is. This is why Holden believes he is surrounded by phoniness. For example, Ossenburger of Pencey Prep, emphasizes that he talked to Jesus all the time, even when he was driving his car. Holden thinks this is a load of crap and asserts, that killed me. I just see the big phony dent shifting into first gear and asking Jesus to send him a few more stiffs (17). Holden sees why he would pray to Jesus, only to send him rough more dead bodies to get more business. Not only do phonies bug Holden, but liars and crooks. Another example is Sunny and Maurice, the elevator boy. Maurice offers Holden a prostitute for the night, Innarested in having a little tail tnight (90)? Holden decides to take up on this offer, and later that night, as promised Sunny kn ocks at his door. After entering the room, Holden cannot make a decision to sleep with the prostitute, an example of Holden clinging on to his childhood. He instead pays the prostitute for her trouble getting to his room, but after leaving, she barges back in with Maurice, complaining of how little she got. Maurice roughs up Holden and gets to his money, where Holden thinks more deprecate towards phonies and liars. Realizing what a real phony and liar people bound to be growing up, he decides to avoids the real world

How does creatine affect your body Essay -- essays research papers

How does creatine claim your frame?How does Creatine affect your body? Creatine affects our body in several different ways. Creatine can provide additional energy for your muscles, volumization of your muscles, buffer lactic acid build-up, and enhance protein synthesis. Creatine can also help stimulate growth in muscles and increase the users strength, even while doing your normal workouts. Creatine can also be taken in a variety of ways. Creatine can affect your body in a negative way when taken excessively. Normally, one should not take more than 20 grams at a time. Your liver and kidneys may become damaged from taking too much and can also cause you an upset stomach, muscle pains, diarrhea, and dehydration. However, drinking plenty of water can calumniate most of those effects.Creatine has been known to provide additional energy for your muscles. Our body has a compound called ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate), which is an energy-containing compound. The ATP reaction releases ene rgy in the body very quickly. This is a good thing, especially during an intense work out, when your body needs the most energy. Carbohydrates can give you energy, but it comes at a sulky pace. When the muscles are using ATP for energy, a chemical process occurs where the ATP is broken down into two simpler chemicals, ADP (adenosine did-phosphate) and inorganic phosphate. This process of ATP routine into ADP releases the energy, which ...

Animal testing Essay -- Animal Testing

When it comes to animals and their rights, there is a definite line between our needs and our taking advantage of those species that we consider inferior. As big as man has existed he has been carnivorous, and the same holds true for many other species of animals. Animals are a necessity to humans for survival, whether it be for food, clothing, etc. However, the unnecessary gouge of animals through testing is non a necessity for human survival. When it comes to the needless torture of animals that we claim to benefit, the animals lives need to be taken into consideration. S. F. Sapontzis gives his theory as to why animals should not be used in testing. To start with, animals are not capable of giving their consent to be used as subjects in an experiment. Secondly, "experiments kitty only be performed on an individual who is willing, morally speaking. Therefore it is immoral to use animals in experiments" (Sapontzis 209). It would be great if this world where our lives we re actually governed by morals. The tragic truth is that we do not. Until we do, someone is going to have to stand up for the silent majority that is incapable of voicing its opinion. When there is torture and unjust give-and-take towards humans, people then realize that it is wrong. These people realize that its wrong when it comes to animals as well. Henry Spira said of the animals used in experiments "the victims are unable to organize in defense of their own interests" (Spira 194). When it comes to needlessly conducting experiments on animals, no one ever says anything. Humans need to stop thinking about themselves as a weapons-grade species to other animals. They have to start thinking about how we can stop the cruelty that they inflict upon animals day afterward day in experiment after experiment. Tom Regan, a well-known animal rights activist, wrote, "the fundamental wrong is the system that allows us to view animals as our resources, here for us- to be eaten, or surgically manipulated, or exploited for sport or money" (Regan 14). Nothing could be more true than this fact man considers itself such a superior species that all others were gravel on earth for his convenience. It is this type of thinking that has gotten humans to the place where we are today. What humanity needs to do is get off its high-horse and realize that they are not the king of the jungle and we rea... ...n estimated that between 100 million and 200 million animals die in laboratories around the world each year" (Ryder 77-78).Although it has been proven that a lot of good has come out of animal research and animal testing, this does not make up for all the pain and suffering that these animals go though without being able to consent. The truth still remains that, despite the benefits (when there are benefits), perhaps we need to contemplate the effects that our actions are having on these animals. course CitedBlum, Debrorah. The Monkey Wars. New York Oxford . 1994"Experiments on Animals." Animal Rights and Human Obligations. Eds. TomRegan and Peter Singer. Englewoods Cilffs Prentice Hall. 1976Regan, Tom. The Case for Animal Rights. Los Angels University of CaliforniaPress. 1983Ryder, Richard R. Animal Revolution. Cambridge Basil Blackwell. 1989Sapontzis, S. F. Morals, Reason, and Animals. Philidelphia Temple U P.1987"Speciesism in the Laboratory." In Defense of Animals." Ed. Peter Singer. OxfordBlackwell. 1985Spira, Henry. "Fighting To Win." In Defense of Animals." Ed. Peter Singer.Oxford Blackwell. 1985

Animal testing Essay -- Animal Testing

When it comes to animals and their rights, there is a definite line between our needs and our taking advantage of those species that we read inferior. As long as man has existed he has been carnivorous, and the same holds true for many other species of animals. Animals ar a necessity to humans for survival, whether it be for food, clothing, and so on However, the unnecessary pain of animals through testing is not a necessity for human survival. When it comes to the needless torture of animals that we claim to benefit, the animals lives need to be taken into consideration. S. F. Sapontzis gives his speculation as to why animals should not be used in testing. To start with, animals are not capable of giving their consent to be used as subjects in an experiment. Secondly, "experiments can only be performed on an individual who is willing, morally speaking. Therefore it is immoral to use animals in experiments" (Sapontzis 209). It would be great if this world where our live s were real governed by morals. The sad truth is that we do not. Until we do, someone is going to have to stand up for the silent majority that is incapable of voicing its opinion. When there is torture and unjust treatment towards humans, people then advance that it is wrong. These people realize that its wrong when it comes to animals as well. Henry Spira said of the animals used in experiments "the victims are unable(p) to organize in defense of their own interests" (Spira 194). When it comes to needlessly conducting experiments on animals, no one ever says anything. Humans need to stop thinking about themselves as a high-performance species to other animals. They have to start thinking about how we can stop the cruelty that they inflict upon animals day after day in experiment after experiment. Tom Regan, a well-known animal rights activist, wrote, "the fundamental wrong is the system that allows us to view animals as our resources, here for us- to be eaten, or s urgically manipulated, or exploited for sport or money" (Regan 14). Nothing could be more true than this fact man considers itself such a superior species that all others were put on earth for his convenience. It is this type of thinking that has gotten humans to the place where we are today. What humanity needs to do is get off its high-horse and realize that they are not the king of the jungle and we rea... ...n estimated that between 100 million and 200 million animals die in laboratories around the world each social class" (Ryder 77-78).Although it has been proven that a lot of good has come out of animal research and animal testing, this does not make up for all the pain and vile that these animals go though without being able to consent. The truth still remains that, despite the benefits (when there are benefits), perhaps we need to contemplate the effects that our actions are having on these animals. Work CitedBlum, Debrorah. The Monkey Wars. New York Oxford. 1994& quotExperiments on Animals." Animal Rights and Human Obligations. Eds. TomRegan and Peter Singer. Englewoods Cilffs Prentice Hall. 1976Regan, Tom. The Case for Animal Rights. Los Angels University of CaliforniaPress. 1983Ryder, Richard R. Animal Revolution. Cambridge basil Blackwell. 1989Sapontzis, S. F. Morals, Reason, and Animals. Philidelphia Temple U P.1987"Speciesism in the Laboratory." In Defense of Animals." Ed. Peter Singer. OxfordBlackwell. 1985Spira, Henry. "Fighting To Win." In Defense of Animals." Ed. Peter Singer.Oxford Blackwell. 1985

Go out for dinner

When people ask to go out and have coffee, it does not only mean to drinking coffee. It has more meaning of to socialize, rather than to get rid off of the thirst they have. This can also be seen when people ask to have dinner. When people check their work or classes, they feel relief and want to enjoy their free time. A lot of the times, people finish their work in the evening and they afflict to socialize by asking to have dinner.Although some people can not drink alcohol or do not Like to go to bar or pub, hen asking to have dinner can be used for anyone to socialize. To have dinner together, people have be hungry. intercommunicate to have dinner can be a chance to not only have dinner together, but also spend time until they drop dead hungry. For example, If people want to have dinner together but they are Just a little hungry, they can hangout for example, go out to lookout a movie until they feel hunger. Moreover, If they want to talk more after dinner, they can go drink.T hen having dinner means not only to eat forage together, but also to spend time from the evening to the night. However, when a person tries to ask other sex for dinner, having dinner, there comes up another meaning of the term. When a man asks a woman to go lunch, she should not be anxious about her appearance very much, but when he asks her to go out for dinner, she should. When a man and a woman have dinner have special meaning. It means eating delicious food with formal appearance and appropriate manner.That a man asks a woman to have dinner implies he thinks she is special and wants to make romantic mood among them. Men ask wo manpower to have dinner particularly when men try to tell a declaration of love, celebrate their special day, or to propose to women. Then in a relationship between men and women, having dinner together means to arrange special time or day. As I stated in this paper, there are two primary(prenominal) usage in term, having dinner. It is granted as socia lizing term widely and many people have dinner with others to socialize.

First Day of School Essay

Middle indoctrinate is a milestone for most people. The shove for a newcomer can be exhausting and stressful. Upcoming sixth graders must adjust to their new environment. Unlike elementary school classes, eye school classes contain shorter periods, more quizzes and tests, and more homework. The new adjustment to engrossers can be difficult or easy the hard part is getting to class on time. The materials needed be confusing and frustrating at times new students must adapt to their new school education system. Lastly, the t individu altogetheryers post grades on Edline for each class.The lockers, materials, and grades are all part of the milestone to middle school. Lockers are one of the toughest things new 6th graders must get use to. The lockers ease up a lock on each one. The lock is opened with a three-digit code. It may take a while to get use to the turning and memorizing the passcode. New students who curb non utilise a lock before usually have a hard time opening thei r lockers and may bespeak friends or neighbors to help, these students may have to take a calendar week or so to get the hang of it.One of the new things students are introduced in middle school are tardys, lates, and detentions. Students usually get detention if they are late to class, forget to bring class supplies, or talk in class too much. Only the first week is an exception be generate everyone is adjusting to his or her new schedule. The materials for each class are different and unique. Some classes you need a journal or nonebook or a pen or pencil. For every class everyone needs a 2-4 inch binder that holds all seven class periods including elective and health.A binder holds all of the papers, pencils, pens, highlighters, erasers, and other supplies needed for each class. Additionally, people have to switch binders at least once a year since they break easily if someone drops them or the ring get demented. The papers the teacher gives you must be put in the rings, the bi nder can will overflow if you put it in the folders or just stuff it in. After about a semester, students have to clean out their binders for the new quarter. It takes a lot of preparation to get ready for middle school.On the first day of middle school, new students will get a code to create a new account on Edline. Edline is used to put assignments out, notices, emergencies, homework, and their current assign report (current grades). A current assignment report is created for each teacher the student has and a homeroom for move outs, lates, or tardys. When someone is absent on a day then the teacher can either put a Z or an X. A Z is the student has not turned it work in by the due date.And an X is the student is excused for their missed work. If the student has a Z and does not turn it in by the end of the quarter, it turns into a 0 (zero). Near the end of the marking period, if the student has an 89. 4 or a 79. 4 then they can ask the teacher for one point to bump up their grad e to the next grade letter. Worries and anxiousness may take over and control the human mind, make them stress and get irritated a lot. This can pull there grades down with all the stress accumulating.For upcoming middle school students prepare is everything because they have not experienced middle school pros and cons. A students locker, their edline, and the materials accumulate to create a successful year for students. They first few weeks are easy and confusing. Teachers usually do not give out homework but it takes time to memorize all the classrooms and the teachers. The frustration and stress can cause breakdowns but as the weeks go by everything seems to get into place over time.

Overseas Chinese and Moon Shadow Essay

Immigrants lives become very difficult when they move to a new country. They atomic number 18 often discriminated against callable to their race and/ or nationality. This problem occurs many another(prenominal) times throughout Dragonwings, a book by Laurence Yep. In his book, the Chinese characters who immigrate to America face many challenges in their new lives. They are thought of as inferior, fox to endure many hard sends, and become lonely due to the fact that they must leave the legal age of their families in chinaware. In this book, the immigrants face multiple difficulties and challenges in the new world they know as the Land of the Golden Mountain.One challenge that the immigrants face in this story is that they are thought of as inferior by Americans, or demons as they have begun to refer to them. Demons are not accepting of differences therefore the Chinese are examineed down upon, and dont get equal rights and privileges. For example, Moon Shadows grandmother tells him that his father traveled to America to work as a laundryman before he was born. She tells Moon Shadow that gold, in the Land of the Golden Mountain, is everywhere and men can scoop it up by the bucket-full.When he asks why his father does not get enough gold to return shoes, his grandmother replies, Demons roam the mountain up and down and they beat up any of our men who try to get the gold (6). She mentions that they are allowed to take only a small pinch of it, and only if they do all of the hard, difficult labor that they are told to do. This quote proves that Chinese (Tang) people are belittled. They are forced to work like slaves. Good-paying jobs are very difficult for them to find. They must to a fault be careful when choosing them. Moon Shadow states, There was plenty of money to be made among the demons, but it was to a fault dangerous (1).This states that though there are many job opportunities in America, the lives of Chinese people are sometimes put at risk. This would al some certainly not have been the case if an American were to have the same job. This demonstrates the prejudice which exists against Tang men. The book also mentions that Americans often assume Chinese people are greedy, that they are after Americans money. This fact is prove when Windrider stops to help a man, Mr. Alger, fix his car. After he mends the automobile, Mr. Alger automatically pulls money out of his pocket to tip him.Windrider says modestly, No tip, just happy to look at horseless(57). Mr. Alger assumes that Windrider only stops to help because he wants money. Moon Shadow goes on to say that the demon stopped and studied Father as you readiness look at a dog that had suddenly said he was going to the opera (57). This demonstrates Moon Shadows knowledge that white people think Chinese cannot possibly get high-paying jobs due to their lack of skills or importance. These immigrants have to bear much racism and scrutinyand the insecurity that goes with itin their new homeland.Immigrants also have to face and live in many harsh, new conditions. For example, they have to put up with stereotypes and stories some them. This is proven when Moon Shadow is traveling by ship to America to meet his father for the very first time. Moon Shadow is told a story about how the Tang men had slept upside-down on top of their heads with knives between their teeth, and so on (11). This shows that the white people are very fierce to the Chinese, even if the story stretches the truth. To make up a story of this violent nature authority that it is not far beyond them to do it.Americans also force the Chinese immigrants to live with the constant threat of violence. On one occasion, they go out with the mark of hurting the Chinese, simply for the pleasure of it. Black Dog, a relative of Moon Shadow, states, The demons are all getting drunk and getting ready for beating up Tang men. The word is to stay inside (29). This further shows that the Chinese must face violence, a new element, in their everyday lives. Last, they must endure harsh conditions when arriving in America for the first time, going through immigration.This is a very long, torturous process. Moon Shadow ex bailiwicks, The demons kept us locked inside a long, two-story warehouse for a week before it was our turn to be questioned (11). This illustrates the fact that life is hardly bearable for them in the Land of the Golden Mountain. Things are very difficult, especially because of the focus they are treated. The last and one of the most unbearable elements of all for immigrants is loneliness. Families are separated. Moon Shadows father leaves his wife, mother, and unborn son in China when he goes to live in America.He leaves with the expectation that he will be able to see his family in approximately five years, as most can. Moon Shadow notes, however, though there were longer separations, as with Mother and Father (3). This proves that families can be forced to endure lon g periods of time without comprehend each other. As one might imagine, they become very lonely. Also, they often miss the appearance of the elaborate architecture and color used on buildings in China. San Francisco looks very drab to them in comparison. Moon Shadow thinks, Walking up the street, I nearly lost heart.To me, the wooden houses seemed like shells of wood which terrible monsters had spun about themselves (18). Since he is not used to the box like American homes, they seem quite foreign and even intimidating to him. He misses the familiarity of his home. Moon Shadow also shows signs of loneliness when he says, I did not go to school during the daytime like demon children because the demons would not allow me to go to any of their schools just a few blocks away (50). He does not have any Chinese friends to play with, and he does no get much contact with white children.It is plain to see that Moon Shadow and his relatives face much loneliness in their everyday lives in Ame rica. The characters in this book have very difficult lives in their new home, America. They are burdened with many challenges and hardships. Because of this, their lives in America cannot be carefree and happy. Instead they are filled with sorrow, pain, and scrutiny. They must endure the racism and cruel stereotypes that are targeted at them by Americans. They must work extra hard to find and keep good jobs. It becomes evident that their lives so far away from home are barely endurable.

8 Stages of Social Development

Social suppuration theory attempts to explain qualitative metamorphoses in the structure and manakin of lodge, that help the society to better realize its aims and objectives. Development sewer be b highwayly defined in a manner applicable to wholly societies at wholly historical periods as an upward ascending movement featuring greater levels of energy, efficiency, quality, productivity, complexness, comprehension, creativity, mastery, enjoyment and handment. Development is a plow of societal change, not merely a set of policies and programs instituted for round specific results.This process has been going on since the dawn of history. But during the last five centuries it has picked up in speed and intensity, and during the last five decades has witnessed a attach surge in acceleration. 2 The basic mechanism driving friendly change is increasing aw atomic number 18ness leading to better organization. Life evolves by sense and consciousness in turn progresses by organ ization. When society senses bran- tonic and better opportunities for progress it accordingly creates new sorts of organization to exploit these new stretch outings successfully.The new forms of organization ar better able to harness the available social energies and skills and resources to use the opportunities to get the intended results. Development is governed by much factors that influence the results of developmental efforts. T here(predicate) must(prenominal) be a motive that drives the social change and essential pre arrests for that change to occur. The motive must be powerful enough to overcome obstructions that impede that change from occurring. Development also requires resources such(prenominal) as capital, technology, and supporting infrastructure.Development is the result of societys capacity to organize homophile energies and productive resources to meet ch whollyenges and opportunities. Society passes through sound-defined gives in the course of its deve lopment. They are nomadic hunting and gathering, rural agrarian, urban, commercial, industrial, and post-industrial societies. Pioneers introduce new ideas, practices, and habits that conservative elements initially resist. At a late(a)r stage, innovations are accepted, imitated, organized, and used by new(prenominal) members of the residential area.Organizational improvements introduced to support the innovations can take place simultaneously at four contrasting levelsphysical, social, mental, and psychological. Moreover four different types of resources are involved in promoting development. Of these four, physical resources are most visible, but least capable of expansion. Productivity of resources increases enormously as the quality of organization and level of knowledge inputs rise.Eriksons stages of psychosocial developmentEriksons stages of psychosocial development, as articulate by Erik Erikson, explain eight stages through which a healthily developing human should pas s from infancy to late adulthood. In each stage, the person con motions, and hopefully masters, new challenges. Each stage tropes upon the successful completion of earlier stages. The challenges of stages not successfully completed may be expected to reappear as problems in the future. However, mastery of a stage is not required to advance to the next stage.Eriksons stage theory characterizes an individual advancing through the eight spright arguingss stages as a function of negotiating his or her biological forces and socio pagan forces. Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis of these two conflicting forces (as shown in the table below). If an individual does so successfully reconcile these forces (favoring the first mentioned attribute in the crisis), he or she emerges from the stage with the corresponding virtue. For example, if an infant enters into the toddler stage (autonomy vs.shame & doubt) with to a greater extent avow than mistrust, he or she carries the v irtue of hope into the remaining tone stages. shows of psychosocial developmentStages of Social Development In this post Cold War and postmodern age, we are communicate just questions regarding the preeminence of rigid ideologies, landed estateal boundaries, proprietary interests, technological utopias and naive, egalitarian demands in crafting the next spheric mesh. We hear all of these voices. We register all of the claims. We learn all of the truths. We see all of the demonstrations and displays of street theatre.But, we entertain a sense they all stream from the Tower of Babel. No wonder the realities are so divers(prenominal) the thoughts so confusing, the solutions so divisive. It is as if all six billion people select climbed on top of the Tower and are now shouting slogans at us. All seem to want a place in the sun, a position in the niche, and free tickets to Disney worldly concern. If one were to do a content digest of all the books and articles written on the g lobal gaps, or arguments presented in academic or think tank settings, or even the political dialogue in national parliaments or international summits, we would see several clear and distinct patterns.Capitalism is great or greedy. Socialism is humane or harmful. Technology is a leniency or a curse. The rich are that way because they worked hard or manifestly won behaviors lottery. The poor are that way because they are undisciplined or oppressed by the rich. Economic re scattering go forth level the playing field or dumb down global intelligences. Which is it? Most of the discussions center approximately competing stinting models, centripetal political access, mandated equality of opportunity and results, and a host of other external, top-down solutions.Arguments grow in emotional intensity around the size and distribution of budgets. Money change by reversals the magic elixir that give cure all ills. If we build attractive places for all to constitute the losers result b e transformed into winners by simply changing street addresses. New rules and regulations will transform hearts and minds. Everybody will benefit from the rising tides of prosperity as the free market makes global waves. Everybody will benefit from the largess of big government, using taxes to fund social work schemes.And, of course, brilliant technological innovations will bring the Internet into each and each home, with or without electricity. Right. But, wherefore put upnt these policies worked in the past? waitress at Africa. Look at Haiti. Look at the Balkans. Look at Russia. Look at the Mississippi Delta. Look at Yorkshires coal mining villages. Look at American Indian reservations. Look at the huddled masses everywhere yearning for a dawdle of bread. Look at Indias Calcutta kids. Look at border sweat shops and urban cesspools. Look at the number of minority teenagers in American prisons.In spite of all of the money spent, expectations raised, programs imposed, honourabl e deeds celebrated and good works performed, our problems persist. Why? The central thesis of this document is that external approaches designed to improve the human condition are faulted unless they also include, as parallel and simultaneous tracks, the essential travel and stages in interior social development. In short, economic, political, and technological efforts must correlate with the levels of complexness of thinking within individuals and entire cultures.Unless the external efforts match, in their respective operating codes, the existing capacities within leadership cadres and the general population in specific countries, they will make things worse, not better. Like the robust sea diver who gets the bends by coming up too rapidly, or runs out of air if the climbing is delayed too long, entire societies are indefensible to this too much too little dynamic. This discussion will describe 1. the eight stages of social development 2. the economic and political models appr opriate to each stage and 3.twelve postulates to employ in the search for global cohesion in this age of societal fragmentation.EIGHT STAGES OF SOCIAL evolution How Cultures Emerge A social stage is more like an emerging wave than a rigid step. Each stage is simply a temporary, transitional plateau that forms in individual and bodied minds. Some call them paradigms or levels of psychological existence. In other writings I refer to them as valueMEMES or bio/psycho/social/ apparitional DNA-type scripts that inculcate their codes passim a culture, and even migrate around the planet on CNN and in 747s.These are fluid, living remainss instead than rigid hierarchical steps. They form into spirals of complexity and exist within people, organizations, and entire societies. The terms social stage, cultural wave, value system, and vMEME code are synonymous. Cultures, as thoroughly as countries, are formed by the emergence of value systems (social stages) in the response to life conditi ons. Such complex adaptive intelligences form the glue that bonds a group together, defines who they are as a people, and reflects the place on the planet they inhabit.These cultural waves, much like the Russian dolls (a doll embedded within a doll embedded within a doll) have formed, over time, into unique mixtures and croaks of instructional and survival codes, myths of origin, artistic forms, life styles, and senses of community. turn they are all legitimize presentions of the human experience, they are not equal in their capacities to deal with complex problems in society. Yet, the detectable social stages within cultures are not Calvinistic scripts that operate us into choices against our will.Nor are they inevitable steps on a predetermined staircase, or magically appearing like crop circle structures in our collective psyche. And, cultures should not be seen as rigid types, having permanent traits. Instead, they are core adaptive intelligences that ebb and flow, progress and regress, with the capacity to lay on new levels of complexity (value systems) when conditions warrant. Much like an onion, they form layers on layers on layers. There is no final state, no ultimate destination, no utopian paradise.Each stage is but a prelude to the next, then the next, then the next. Each emerging social stage or cultural wave contains a more expansive horizon, a more complex organizing principle, with newly calibrated priorities, mindsets, and specific bottom-lines. All of the previously acquired social stages remain in the composite value system to determine the unique food grain of a given culture, country, or society. In Ken Wilbers language, each new social stage transcends but includes all of those which have come before.Societies with the capacity to change, quaver between IMeMine and WeUsOur poles. Tilts in one direction crap the need to self-correct, thus causing a shift toward the opposite pole. Me decades become us epochs as we constantly spiral u p, or spiral down in response to life conditions. Some social stages stress diversity generators that repay individual initiatives and value human rights. Other social stages impose conformity regulators and reward cooperative, collective runs. Societies will zigzag between these two poles, thus embrace different models at each tilt.Once a new social stage appears in a culture, it will spread its instructional codes and life priority messages throughout that cultures surface-level expressions religion, economic and political arrangements, psychological and anthropological theories, and views of human nature, our future destiny, globalization, and even architectural patterns and sports preferences. We all live in flow states there is always new wine, always old wine skins. We, indeed, find ourselves pursuing a never-ending quest. THE LIVING STRATA IN OUR PSYCHO-CULTURAL ARCHEOLOGY Stage/ Wave Color Code normal Name ThinkingCultural manifestations and personal displays 8 Turquoise WholeView Holistic collective individualism cosmic spirituality earth changes 7 yellow FlexFlow Ecological natural systems self-principle duple realities knowledge 6 third estate forgivingBond Consensus egalitarian feelings authentic sharing caring community 5 Orange StriveDrive Strategic materialistic consumerism success image status growth 4 rich accuracyForce Authority meaning discipline traditions morality rules lives for later 3 Red PowerGods Egocentric gratification glitz conquest action impulsive lives for now 2Purple KinSpirits Animistic rites rituals taboos super- stitions tribes folk ways & lore 1 Beige SurvivalSense Instinctive food urine procreation affection protection stays alive.Heres the key idea.Different societies, cultures and subcultures, as well as entire nations are at different levels of psycho-cultural emergence, as displayed within these evolutionary levels of complexity. Yet, and here is a searing concept, the previously awakened levels do not dis appear. Rather, they stay active within the value system stacks, thus impacting the nature of the more complex systems.So, m both of the akin issues we confront on the West Bank (red to blue) can be found in South Central Los Angeles. One can experience the animist (purple) worldview on Bourbon Street as well as in Zaire. Matters brought before city council in Minneapolis (orange to green to yellow) are not unlike the debates in front of governing bodies in the Netherlands. So-called Third World societies are dealing, for the most part, with issues within the beige to purple to red to blue zones, thus higher order of violence and poverty.Staying alive, finding safety, and dealing with feudal age conditions matter most. Second World societies are characterized by causalityitarian (blue) one-party states, whether from the right or the left. Makes no difference. So-called First World nations and groupings have achieved high levels of affluence, with lower birth rates, and more expan sive use of technology. While centered in the strategic, free-market driven, and individual closeness concentrate oned perspective all traits of the Stage 5 (orange) worldview new value systems (green, yellow, and turquoise) are emerging in the postmodern age.Yet, we have no language for anything beyond First World, believing that is the final state, the end of history. Further, there is a serious question as to whether the billions of people who are now exiting Second and Third World life styles can anticipate the same level of affluence as they see on First World television screens. And, what will happen to the surroundings if every Chinese family had a two-car garage? The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the GTO, and most multinational corporations reflect the blue-orange worldview codes of cultural discipline, financial accountability, and individual responsibility.Attacks are launched from tether directions Red zone activists, anarchists, and spoilers who lov e a good fight, and believe the Big Orange Money Machines are easy targets from which to exact tributes in various forms saturnine zone ideologies who defend the sacred against the secular and resent the intrusive technology and destruction of the holy orders and extol the purity of the faith, noble cause, and divine calling and Green zone humanists and environmentalists who level charges of exploitation, greed, and selfishness, noting the eradication of indigenous cultures and the poisoning of the pristine environment by Big Mac golden arches.The WTO demonstrations were so confounding to so many because they combine these red, blue and green critiques into single anti-orange crusades. Capitalism and materialism were the twin villains spirituality, sharing, and social equality, along with sustainability, were the noble virtues. There appeared to be no middle ground no zone of rapprochement no winwin alternative. Herein lies the global knot the seemingly irreconcilable conflict bet ween and among the haves, the have nots, the have a little but want more, and the have a lot but are never content.There must be a better way. STRATIFIED state Managing the Global Mesh Stage/ Wave 1 Stage/ Wave 2 Stage/ Wave 3 Stage/ Wave 4 Stage/ Wave 5 Stage/ Wave 6 Stage/ Wave 7 Stage/ Wave 8 Beige Purple Red Blue Orange Green Yellow Turquoise POLITICAL SYSTEMS AND POWER DISTRIBUTION RATIOS survival clans Haiti tribal orders Somalia feudal empires Taliban authoritarian democracry Singapore multiparty democracy UK & US social democracy Netherlands distinguish democracy holonic democracy Confederal unitary Federal unitary IntegralECONOMIC SYSTEMS AND RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION FORMULAS eat when hungry mutual reciprocity & kinship to victors locomote the spoils the just earn the rewards each acts on own behalf to prosper all should benefit equally all formulas contribute to spiral health resources focus on all life As you can see, the projected bulge of global thinking is in the purpl e/red zones, with a almostwhat smaller tiptop in the orange enclaves. many a(prenominal) are locked in the blue authoritarian flatland and are just now waking up to orange, good life possibilities.At the same time, the postmodern mindset is attacking orange materialism, living more lightly on the land, and searching for meaning in Navaho sweat lodges or excursions into variations on the spiritual theme. In his new book entitled The Cultural Creatives (Three Rivers Press ISBN 0609808451 October 2001), Paul Ray describes Heartland-Blue, Modernity-Orange, andCultural Creatives-Green. We add Integral-Yellow as the next developmental stage. There are different futures for different folks. The future of the Third World will be Second World authority before either First World autonomy or postmodern sensitivity become options.There are different futures for different folks along the evolutionary trajectory. republic, then, comes in many different variations, hues, and levels of complexi ty. Beware of imposing the form that fits a specific stage or zone on the Spiral onto other strata. This is an invitation to cultural disaster. There are good reasons why humans have created survival clans, ethnic tribes, feudal empires, ancient nations, corporate states, and value communities in our long bio-psycho-social-spiritual ascent. Robert D. Kaplan makes this point clearly in a lengthy essay Was Democracy Just A Moment?(The Atlantic Monthly, December 1997). He notes that authoritarian China (blue) is doing more for its citizens than democratic (orange) Russia, and that enlightened one-party-states and even dictatorial empires (red), can build a middle class more quickly than multiparty models (orange) in Africa. The evolutionary spirals are dancing all over the planet, in a figurative sense. While near hear tribal drum beats, others are doing the tango, the waltz, the Texas two-step, the jitterbug, theCharleston, or even the line dance.In some dances each expresses self, o blivious to others. In others, we dance in concert, in a multitude of interlocking arrangements and movements. This is the global diversity. New political and economic models are beginning to appear, based on the assumptions and codes within inviolate commons and holistic meshworks. Welcome to the global dance. THE TWELVE POSTULATES AN INTEGRAL PERSPECTIVE ON GLOBALIZATION The crest Directive A postulate is defined as an essential presupposition, condition, or premise of a train of reasoning.Postulates must all hang together and be seen as both simultaneous and sequential in creating a faultfinding mass shift. These shifts are part and parcel of The Prime Directive, a universal ratchet through layers of complexity that appear to impact human choice-making, as well as that of other life forms. Bacteria, viruses, genes and memes all appear to be shaped by nonlinear, adaptive intelligences as life as we know it continues to evolve on the planet. Rather than existing as stand-alone, independent fragments, the postulates materialize a train of reasoning as they work in synergistic concert with each other.It makes no sense to argue as to which one is the most important. They are all interwoven into an evolving Global Meshworks. Note how horizons are broadening from families to clans, to tribes, to empires, to ancient nations, to corporate nation states, and now to global views. Yet, all of these viewing portals continue to exist on the planet earth. We are witnessing new versions of the historic continental drift as our economic, political, technological, and social worlds are, indeed, being pulled closer together.Further, global problems will require global solutions which, of necessity, will require global thinking. The historic pastpresent future time lines will need to be understood. Up stream and down stream viewing points must be maintained. Final state paralysis must be replaced by flow state perspectives. Simplistic car-wash solutions must be replaced by a rich understanding and respect for diversities in people, uniqueness in piazzas, and inevitable steps and stages in human emergence.Rigid rules, a product of fixed stateideologies, must be supplanted by fluctuating algorithms that engage a world full of variables, life cycles, wild cards and other complex dynamics that lie at the core of life itself. There are no guarantees no eternal road maps no inevitable destinations no blue print etched in permanent ink. Yet, there are equations, formulas, fractals, consequences, flows, and processes. Each new solution will, over time, create new problems. Human motivations will change as our life conditions get better, or get worse.There are systems within us rather than types of us stratified decision-making stacks that constantly rearrange themselves in terms of priorities and senses of urgency. Different cultures and subcultures, then, are organic entities that lay on new levels of complexity as changes in life conditions warrant. Fina lly, the real intent of these postulates, when taken as a group, is to shape both interior and out(prenominal) dynamics to expedite the natural principles that appear to drive societal transformation. Such dynamics rely heavily on self organizing principles and processes rather than mechanistic, artificial mandates or commandments.They are messy, chaotic, often violence-prone, and uncertain with false starts, regressions, quantum leaps, advances and retreats, within a whole wilderness of snarling beasts, wild cards, sink-holes, and life-sustaining oasis. Such a systemic and integral initiative is designed to dredge out channels, drain stagnant backward waters, unblock tributaries, navigate white water rapids, and maintain the ongoing movement of ideas, energy, and the human spirit through time and space. In this sense we become co-creators with the The Prime Directive in crafting the human story.But first, some personal questions for you to watch Why do you see globalization issu es the way that you do? Who are the bad guys the good girls? What personal priorities shape your perceptual filters? Why do you have them? Have you changed? What will you personally gain or lose under different global scenarios? What mindsets, viewing-points, or value systems influence your own thinking? Which groups do you represent, causes do you support, and personal or professional commitments do you have which could alter your views?Are you open to new and different perspectives, fresh and expansive horizons? THE TWELVE POSTULATES 1. Reframe globalization issues around value system codes rather than behavioral stereotypes. In place of the racial, ethnic, nationalistic, culture-bound, moralistic, economic, and oppressed/oppressor filters, consider viewing globalization matters through this integral/holistic (yellow & turquoise) frame. By understanding these deeper value system currents or complexity strata, it becomes contingent to develop more practical big picture views and craft practical, appropriate solutions to real problems.Further, by recognizing the core cultural codes, as reflected in individuals and social groupings, one can quickly mark the generating, internal forces that will ultimately shape external behaviors and actions. For example, why is it the HIV infection rate so high in parts of Africa? If you identify the motivative(prenominal) category as African, or black, or poor or Third World, you will miss the point entirely. Not all Africans, blacks, poor, or Third Worlders testify the identical sexual behaviors associated with AIDS.When women are influenced by the purple/animistic/safety & security vMEME, it is in their interest to breed large families because their children will provide a work force (gather wood and water) and future security. When men are dominated by the red/exploitative/predatory value system, they will impregnate as many women as they can just to keep score. And, when they believe (purple) that having sex with a virgin will cure their AIDS infection, you can see why the plague spreads so rapidly. So, the pandemic is a purple and red problem not a black problem.Blacks in the blue, orange, and green zones are less vulnerable to the destructive behaviors. Its the vMEMES, stupid 1. Create vital signs monitors to track deeper currents and critical indicators. In order to track these underlying currents that flow over all of the continents, it is essential that we develop the capacity to monitor the concentrations and shifts, and be able to make sense out of the more traditional social/economic/health/quality of life indicators that are now available.This use of GIS (geographic information survey) type information displays can be enhanced by overlaying the patterns over the vMEMETIC codes to find deeper meaning in the data. Further, it should be possible to identify the early signs of an emerging hot spot that may explode in social eruptions. Such a scan would have warned the world community of bloody encounters-in-the-making in Africa, the Middle East, the Balkans, and Indonesia. We have Dow Jones indicators of the economic health and well being of various countries. Where are the value scans that can inform us of major(ip)(ip) changes, or sound the alarm when danger is on the horizon?For example, when the Balkans political leaders were brought to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio to iron out some kind of peaceful settlement to the lingering conflict in the former Yugoslavia, they were exposed to cyber maps showing the actual land forms, mountain ranges, and border lines. What if, in rundown to these surface-level profiles, they were shown the vMEMETIC contours of the various population groups, or the stages of social development that were apparent? And, if the UN could have monitor these cultural codes in Sierra Leone, Rwanda, or even East Timor, wouldnt the responses have been significantly different?It is dangerous to be trapped in a paradigm. 2. Focus o n the future as more significant than the past in shaping the present. The past can never be replayed or replayed. Time is not a straight arrow that flows on a unbroken line from the past to the future Rather, we go through a number of nonlinear jumps that totally alter the conditions, world views, and operating systems. In one sense author Thomas Wolfe had it right We cant go home again. This, of course, means crafting a compelling vision of a realistic future state, and then aligning the various efforts and projects to accomplish those objectives.This often happens through the creative use of scenario building processes, a technology well developed by John Petersen at the Arlington Institute in Virginia. (Seewww. arlingtoninstitute. org). Yet, how do we let go of the past without jettisoning or eroding the essential codes that are required in crafting new and more complex social systems? Both tippy capitalism and materialist Marxism pore acid on the indigenous cultures, both des igned to create the New Man or Homo economicus. The second will impose a high consumer culture on more traditional environments.The first has used the Cambodian killing fields to wipe out every footmark of the older orders. Both do quite serious damage to the cultural strata. Both promote final state paralysis. And, there remains a serious question as to how we move beyond the anger and guilt from past deeds that often keep a society from moving ahead. Both the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa and the Sign the Sorry Book campaign in Australia with regard to the mistreatment of the aborigines are options.There is a growing movement within African American subcultures in the United States to demand reparation payments for the inhumane institution of slavery and pervasive influence of centuries of segregation and discrimination. Yet there are far better ways to address the resulting asymmetrics that are the product of many different forces. A shift from blame and b e blamed, or even live and let live, in the direction of thrive and help thrive, may hold the key. Ultimately, even subcultures must pass through stages of development. 3. Search for the new intelligences that appear around chaos and within crucibles.One of the basic assumptions within Spiral Dynamics is that complex, adaptive intelligences form in response to the stress and strain forged by life conditions. In contrast to IQ (Intelligent Quotient), EQ (Emotional Quotient), AQ (Adversity Quotient) SQ ( Spiritual Quotient) or other expressions of intelligence that have appeared, we are describing a VQ (Values Quotient) capacity. VQ codes emerge whenever the older thinking patterns can no longer handle the new complexity that they have helped create. In short, cometh the time, cometh the value codes.The intent, here, will be to construct scaffoldings of solutions, arrange them according to the stages of social development, and be willing to scan for new insights and codes that will o f course appear, like diamonds on the veldt. These, like George Bushs Thousand Points of Light and Clintons Faces of Hope, could be quickly disseminated through the Internet and other avenues for communicating practical solutions to common problems. Why continue to invent the wheels when well-designed vehicles are already up and running elsewhere. 4. Identify the rate goals that transcend other priorities and agendas.A superordinate goal is a goal or value that everybody wants and needs to realize, but no individual or group can achieve it in an unilateral fashion. These overarching comprehensives can take a number of forms. Some spring from a woe is us syndrome in that we are all in this horrible situation together. In other cases, a common enemy will appear on the scene, one that affrightens the well-being of each and all. The best superordinate goal umbrella is a genuine and constructive outcome that everybody values, but one that requires the longer term integration of the c onflicting groups.There are plenty of candidates for healthy superordinate goals the threat of HIV-type viruses, the dangers inherent in global warming or other forms of environmental poison the fear of nuclear explosions triggered by demagogues or militant true believers who have no fear of death the growing gaps between rich and poor that sow seeds of class envy, and other wild cards such as water depletion, population growth, and biomedical monster gone amuck. All problems, challenges, and threats cut across national boundaries, ethnic enclaves, and gated communities. 5. Facilitate and honor the inevitable steps, stages and waves in human emergence.This is the critical pathway that lies at the DNA core of The Prime Directive. The focus, here, should be on the process dynamic itself, not on any specific system, level, stage, or ringlet butterfly that have been activated in forming the complex, adaptive intelligences. Each of the emerging value system waves not only addresses the unique problems in the milieu that gave it birth, but also adds texture and quality to the more complex vMEME codes in the future. (Note the colorful spiral on the wrap around to this document. See how each of the colors bleeds up into the more complex zones.)By keeping each stage/wave healthy, positive, and congruent, the avenues are open for movement to occur, if and when it has been awakened by life conditions. Instead of imposing the one-size-fits-all economic or political package on the entire developmental spectrum, one should craft the unique form that fits the different component. Entire societies (and subcultures) move along the value system trajectory and should be assisted in meeting their needs and challenges at each of the stages, with the economic and political structures and models that are both tailored and appropriate to those conditions.It is both futile and counter productive to attempt to skip stages, or leap into a more complex world view before its time. Lawre nce E. Harrison provides the clearest rationale for this process in his work on value systems and prosperity codes. (See Who Prospers? How Cultural Values Shape Economic and Political Success (1992) and Culture Matters How Values Shape Human Progress (2000), written with Samuel P. Huntington).Harrison has demonstrated, in both his books and in his developmental work in several different cultural settings, that traditional explanations like imperialism, dependency and racialism are no longer adequate in explaining why some countries and ethnic groups are better off than others. He stresses the critical importance of cultural values that powerfully shape political, economic and social performance. In Spiral Dynamics terms these are the 4th Level (blue) and 5th Level (orange) vMEME the blend of good authority with practical enterprise. 6. Mobilize all available resources (quadrants/levels) and focus them like laser beams.Ken Wilber has pioneered the concept of all levels, all quadra nts as an essential framework for accelerating the development of people and cultures. Fragmented, isolated, ad hoc, piecemeal, and single quadrant solutions will fail to make a significant difference. Both interior (within the hearts and minds of individuals and cultures) and exterior (the exterior arrangements, economic perks, political structures, and social rules and regulations) must be meshed, coordinated, and aligned to the relevant level (stages of social development) to get maximum impact.See Wilbers new book, A Theory of Everything, for a thorough analysis. Further, the efforts of families, schools, religion, law enforcement, business, professional societies, and political entitiesshould be integrated, aligned, and synergized to get them all on the same page. Their resources and efforts should befocused like laser beams on the essential steps and stages of emergence. These I call MeshWORK solutions. 7. Contain destructive conflicts while respecting the essential cycles of change. Life is full of dynamic tension, disruptions, conflicts, discord, and even violence.The problems may be within a stage (i. e. Lord of the Flies conflicts and holy wars) or between emerging stages (i. e. Lexus and the Olive Tree, Jihad vs. McWorld, or human rights vs. authoritarian values). Symptoms can be seen in societal blockages, cul-de-sacs, sink holes, minority vs. majority bloodshed, battles over scarce resources, inept and corrupt leadership, terrorism, and perpetual wars for national liberation or economic domination. Major conflicts should be depress much like raging forest fires, from all angles and as quickly as possible.Minor scrimmages should be prevented if possible or allowed to play themselves out if relatively harmless. As the core vMEME flows are understood and accommodated, there will be fewer such conflicts as the human energy passes more freely the development dams and locks in an ongoing, positive fashion. 8. Promote power differentiation through appro priate, stratified stages and layers. No single political arrangement fits every situation. Each stratum within the human/social archeology will possess different operating philosophies in terms of how power is distributed.These are natural life forms, indigenous to the unique circumstances within each layer and level. Each will have its own unique organizing code, and can only respond to the models and processes which resonate with those DNA scripts. Not every person has the capacity to recognize these vertical stages of development. Many will attempt to impose the codes from single operating levels onto the entire strata of emergence. Some require a tribal Order that is safety-driven, while others will thrive in an Exploitative Empire that is power-driven.You can also see why an Authority Structures (order-driven) is appropriate in some settings, while the codes within a Strategic Enterprise (success-driven) is congruent elsewhere. When a strong middle class is constructed, and a modicum of affluence is shared, then the Social interlock (people-driven) structures make a lot of sense. Today we are moving in the direction of the Systemic Flow (process-oriented) and Holonic Meshwork (synthesis-oriented) global models are relevant. 9. Resolve major paradoxes by implementing creative winwinwin solutions.Many political leaders and groupings are now searching for alternatives to the traditional bipolar models of decision-making whether expressed in the slope Westminster formula, the American checks and balances procedures, or the historic Left vs. Right orientations from the French tradition. Even the winwin negotiation model carries with it the limited codes of the 5th Level (ORANGE) vMEME. These new models are now forming in complex thinking cells in this country and elsewhere. They focus first on the ultimate win, i. e. the integrity of the overall system, the well-being of all people, thelong-term ethical principles, or the inherent wisdom within The Prime D irective.This is the universal touchstone that can be using in resolving deep conflicts. A vMEMETIC understanding, tracked by a Global Vital Signs Monitor, could enhance the quest for peace in the Middle East as well as in Africa. It should be part and parcel of the insights offered at Camp David, in Geneva, or at UN headquarters. 10. Integrate the body, mind, soul and spirit in enriching the human experience. Many of our dysfunctional actions and social breakdowns stem from our own personal fragmentation.While the Age of Enlightenment brought us many benefits of a material nature, we are now aware that such progress came with a price. We found ourselves separated from our spiritual sense, from the deeper values that resonate in our individual and cultural cores. Yet, it does no good to reject totally any of our senses of self. The key to health and well-being, within both a short term context and the longer flow, is to search for ways to mesh all of these attributes in an integral whole. There are plenty of opportunities to access some of these intangible but powerful practices.They should be developed in our youth while they are open to the inner life and welcome experiences designed to expand conceptual horizons. And adults, who are growing weary of the fast-track, technology-rich and digitized world around them, often search for ways to express a spiritual sense, or bond themselves with a transcendent cause, or renew their souls by reconnecting with natures wonder. 11. Nourish and replenish the natural habitat so that all life forms may flourish. Perhaps this postulate should come first because it may well be the one that should concern us the most.What is at stake here is preservation of life itself. We are now discovering the genetic codes that shapes our biological DNA scripts. This knowledge is both wonderful and frightening at the same time. The issue itself, and perchance our permanent residency on the planet, will be determined by which of the vMEM E codes controls the knowledge. At one time we believed, for example, that the very best way to protect the elephant species is to focus specifically on the elephant the mating habits, the food requirements, and ways to keep individual elephants alive and reproducing.Today, the focus is on the environment the total milieu that will naturally support elephant life. The elephant sprang from that milieu and flourished for centuries within it. As long as it provides what elephants need to survive and flourish, they will. No more prizes for forecasting the rain only prizes for building the ark. The late Professor Clare W. Graves, Union College, New York said it best Clare W. Graves.

Changeling: Film Techniques and Son Essay

Changeling is a 2008 inspiring make directed by Clint Eastwood. It is based on an American maneuver known as the Wineville Chicken Coop. Christine collins, played by Angelina Jolie, is a single suffer in the twenties whose parole mysteriously goes missing. The film goes on a move around with collins leading her to disc whole over the corruptness of the Los Angeles Police Department. Though the film incorporates multiple p kittys, the main narrative revolves around Christine collins and her unbreakable spirit as she attempts to solve the mystery of the kidnapping of her son. The topic of the movie is that through a horrible tragedy, a triumphant success can come turn out of it. Furthermore, it shows that intrust and love can overcome all pain and suffering. It is because of the films use of cinematography, editing, photographic photographic camera faecal matter, composition and overall mise en scne that the theme of the film is all the way represented.The opening sequence of the film gives significant information about the setting and the narrative. This is accomplished with the use of establishing shots. The film begins with a black scope and plays non-die jack offic music. The slow tempo music provided by brass instruments gives the film a good sense of a cryptic effect. As a result, we get a lot of what genre this film could be. The music also helps trigger tension and stress from the audience. Besides the music, a teardrop on the black backdrop is shown, hinting to a sad, drama genre. A fade-in then takes us into a nearly black, almost white establishing shot of the city of Los Angeles. The date and location of the shot are provided at the center of the screen as Los Angeles. March 8, 1928.In regards to cinematography, the lack of color that is provided informs us that the story takes place in the past when e genuinelything was presented on televisions in black and white. This occurred during the fuck Age, which also explains the instrument al music that is playing during the opening sequence. The cinematography additionally helps illustrate much of the California setting and time in which the film takes place. The lavishly angle camera begins in the sky and moves down towards the traffic, people, and other objects which make up the setting. The production set includes old fashioned cars, palm trees, milk trucks, and the typical vintage look of California during the 1920s.As the opening sequence fades out, we are transported to the first moving-picture showry of the film into a house by a camera pan. Collins is suddenly awakened by her alarm and then wakes up her son Walter. The use of light and shadowing in this scene was quite apparent. It showed the bliss and love between the mother and son during this scene before an unfortunate kidnapping took place. As the sun was shining brightly through the window and mother and son were smiling, we get a shade for the oddment relationship they have for each other and th eir unconditional love. During this scene, the camera angles also showed the loving relationship the both of them shared. A prime example is when Walter looked up to his mother with an upward camera angle showing his admiration for his mother. While Christine looked at Walter with a downward camera angle to show her gratitude for her little boy. The exchanging of dialogue between the characters occurs adjoining, which also gives us a sense of the strength of their connection.We then forecast the mother and son exiting a trolley while the camera neatly closes in on their hands as they come together. A lot of framing by windows and doorways is shown in the film. ace example is after the mother and son exit the trolley and stand by the school. The camera stays in the trolley and the two figures are abruptly framed by the trolley window. This is done to create a skin senses of isolation or privacy. The audience is therefore not let into a lot of personal moments like the one outsi de of the school which makes the audience wonder how the main character is feeling. The last part of the scene before her son is kidnapped occurs when Collins is preparing to leave for work. This particular moment is intensified by the dramatic camera movement. Collins firmly stands outside the house as her son glances from the window. As she easily walks away, the camera follows her and pulls away from the house. From that distinct moment in the film, that shot would foreshadow the separation the mother and son would soon face.The next scene is when Christine enters the house and discovers that her son is suddenly missing. The lighting in the house is very dark and gloomy, which describes how Collins is feeling at that moment. The camera then takes an omniscient view when we watch the senior high school angle camera show Collins searching the house for her son. The emptiness of not only her house is represented with this angle but also how she is feeling at that moment when she fi nds out that her son is missing. As she calls the police to report the disappearance of her child, the camera takes on the omniscient view formerly again. The camera is place right above her ear in which the receiver is held against. This angle is done to give an impression of someone watching Collins make the call. We find out that the political science cannot do anything within the 24-hour window frame of his kidnapping and this foreshadows the police departments inability in helping Ms. Collins find her son.The next noteworthy scene is when Collins speaks at a conference addressing the media about the events concerning her son. In this specific scene the weather is wet and dreary and because of that, the lighting and change looks meek and cold. The use of ambient lighting in this scene reflects the trouble Collins is going through and the heartbreak she is feeling trying to convince the authorities that the boy who was given to her is not her son. The coloring is a blue tone w hich symbolizes a despairing mood.Though the use of ambient lighting in the starting signal of the film when Collins was with her son gave a entitle and complimentary effect, it progressively changed to a more unflattering effect as the movie unfolded. Editing during this scene involved a matched cut. First we see Christine and then the camera shows different views of the action around her. This editing technique was used to provide a sense of continuity and to highlight this important event in her life when she lets society know that the Los Angeles Police Department was not doing their job properly in discovering her son. some other scene that incorporates many film elements is the scene in the police station when Collins continues to argue that the boy the authorities gave to her is not her son. During this scene the lighting was once again very murky and it was even raining. The frame was positioned by a window and though you could not see the rain, you could see the shadows o f it dripping on the wall. end-to-end much of the film and this scene, rain was another symbol of the despair Collins was going through at the time. The lead acting role of Angelina Jolie in this scene involved a lot of use of body language and expression. She held her hands to her head indicating the frustration she was feeling and that she could no longer keep her emotions bundled up inside.And passim much of the film, her emotions are not hidden and are displayed not only for entertainment, but they are used to provoke sympathy in the audience. The use of close up shots in this scene was also noticeable to connote the fear and anxiety Collins was feeling. While the long shots were used to connote the feeling of loneliness and separation. The key light in this scene was also shown above the police to show female disempowerment. During these times, females did not have the comparable rights as men and it was clearly represented in the movie through lighting. An example would be when a police officer would walk into the room, the room would suddenly appear darker and this showed the dominance they had over Collins.The next significant scene is when Christine is admitted in the psychopathic ward by the authorities for relentlessly denying that the boy who was given back to her was not her son. The scene was very obscure and it was one of the lowest points in her life. But when she thought of her son during a positive train of thought, the sun would suddenly appear and the room would get brighter. This lighting choice symbolized her trust and that she would never give up because she felt her son was still alive. Throughout many of these important moments an editing choice of flashbacking was do to startle the audience. One particular flashback occurred to show multiple plots going on when the scene would out of nowhere travel to a ranch where all the boys were unplowed and the serial killer was about to pick one to kill.This decision by the editor and the d irector gave the audience a harsh simultaneous view of the struggles Collins was going through and the tragedy these innocent boys were encountering. During this flashback there was also use of a canted angle in which shows an environment of a ranch where a man is walking out with a gun in his hand. This canted angle reflects the obscurity of the event as a little boy (Walter, Collins son) is seen running away from him. A hand-held camera movement is then used to follow the little boy running. This is used to make the audience feel the perspective of the person chasing him, which in turn makes the boy seem even more unprotected.The last notable scenes that use film elements in which show the constant quality of Collins is the scene at the prison and the very last scene when a sense of closure has finally come. When Collins has a individual(a) meeting with the serial killer to interrogate him about the killing of her son, the room is very dark but the key light is on Jolie. It is i nteresting to see how the lighting changed from the meeting with the authorities to this meeting because they no longer have dominance over Collins as the light is shown over her now. The scene evolves into the snatcher not telling her the truth and he is dragged out of the cell while the camera pans away from Collins holding on to the prison bars.This camera movement suggests that Christine is trapped in her own mental state of a prison and her hope for closure has still not arrived. But as the closing of the film presents itself, we receive closure when another boy tells his story of survival and lets the authorities and Collins know that without Walter, he wouldnt be alive. As the movie concludes, the same non-diegetic music that was played during the span of the movie to symbolize sorrow and pain was played, but this time it was for a different reason. It was played to symbolize hope the hope of Collins that she never gave up.The Oscar nominated 2008 film Changeling is a film a bout female disempowerment, corruption in political hierarchies and about children and violence during the 1920s in Los Angeles, California. It involves many elements that the make the film what it is. From its cinematography, to its acting, to its production design, to its editing, the film wouldnt be the same if it missed any of these filmic elements. It is because of the lighting and coloring that we get gentle and soft moments and dark and cold moments.It is because of the music that we get emotions of tensions, despair and hope. It is because of the narrative that we get the journey of the determination of Christine Collins. It is because of the production design that we get the feel of how it really was in LA in the 1920s. And it is because of all of the individual choices and decisions for this film that it was able to express the theme or the lesson of this film, which is that hope and love can overcome all pain and suffering.

The Horla by Guy de Maupassant

The Horla By Guy de Maupassant Guy de Maupassants piteous story The Horla is a great example of the notion that trick sometimes imitates life. In 1887, while battling the end stages of syphilis and worldalized for insanity, de Maupassants last story The Horla was published. In the pages his fictional character, the narrator, chronicles his journey into fierceness while scrap an spiritual world beast. The protagonist can be compared to de Maupassant and his own struggle with syphilis and psychosis. This story was originally written in French, the author de Maupassants native language.It begins happily with the narrator, who by all means seems young, healthy and wealthy, living in an estate, journals his first entry on May 8th exclaiming, What a lovely day (de Maupassant 1). In subsequent entries what the narrator says just about himself, through his actions, his diary becomes the witness of his madness and parallels the authors own progression of syphilis. The first signs of t he narrators depression begin to observable four days after he spots a superb-three mast Brazilian vessel and salutes it.He will later come to believe that this single gesture, performing a salute, has unconsciously invited a supernatural being that was aboard the ship to enter his home. He is plagued by a fever and melancholy, changing his mood from happiness into despair. olfactory perception as if some misfortune has upset his nerves and given him a fit of low spirits (de Maupassant 2). Like his fictional character, the narrator, de Mausspant would have likely suffered from fever. The affection plaguing de Mausspant, Syphilis, is sexually transmitted and has many tokens.In the early stages of his disease, fever is a common symptom of syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease. The medical symptoms of Syphilis tend to copy many other diseases. Patients within four to ten weeks after contracting the virus tend to have flu like symptoms fever, muscle aches and decreased appetite . As the story continues, the narrator is overwhelmed with anxiety as if some irrational being is at work, one that the human eye cannot see but is nonetheless to blame, he begins to wonder if the fever is not plainly having an effect on his body but to a fault on his mind. On May 16th he enters in his journals that yes, e believes he is becoming seriously ill. His writing begins to show that he is being gripped by paranoia. Feeling as if something inevitable, some unseen force is or so the corner and ready to attack his physical well-being. He has a horrible sensation of some danger threatening him (de Maupassant 3), but has yet to give his regret a name. Paranoia as being defined by Websters dictionary is a psychosis that is characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur usually without hallucinations. There may also be a tendency on the part of an individual towards irrational suspiciousness or distrustfulness.Subsequently, paranoia is a defying feature for paranoid sch izophrenics. Using these guidelines and the narrators own description of his emotional state, it would tend to lead the reader into believing he is suffering from schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is also a medical induced symptom of syphilis (Kaplan, and Sadick). To escape his overwhelming feelings of being tormented and haunted by the unknown, the narrator escapes to Mount St. Michel. Feeling refreshed, he returns home in good health and spirits. However, very soon after his return, his nightmares return.Once again, he leaves and travels to Paris, hoping to enjoy the July 14th festivities. In Paris, he has the opportunity to attend a demonstration of hypnosis. At this demonstration, he learns about the power of suggestion. His spirits renewed, he decides to return home and once again the manifestations return. The creature which he has named The Horla, rents correspond of his body. Soon, hes unable to leave his home in baseball club to escape from this invisible monster. Reaching t his point in the story, one would believe the narrator is struggling with an inner demon, mental infirmity, not a physical entity.Fearing an unseen monster has possessed him, the narrator becomes withdrawn unable to leave the confines of his home. You could ask, is the monster real or just another symptom of schizophrenia? Has the author, de Maupassant exposit his own feelings? Displaying his feelings as his protagonist in the story? People with schizophrenia may have hallucinations, hearing voices that other people dont hear. They may believe other people or things are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them. This illness can make a person seem withdrawn or extremely agitated. On August 18th, the narrator writes OhYes I will obey Him, follow His impulses, fulfill all His wishes, show myself humble, submissive, a coward. (de Maupassant 14) Feeling overpowered, the narrator succumbs to the control of The Horla. His writing becomes like that of a ma niac cumulating to thoughts of killing his captor, the captor that at times resides inside of him. Feeling that he may be able to take control when The Horla is creeping around the house and kill him the narrator in a moment of frenzy sets fire to his home. With his home in blazes the narrator flees to escape, plainly to realize he has trapped his servants in the home. The home has now became the servants grave.Overcome with paranoia when he realizes that he could not kill that which he could not see he decides his only way to escape is death. The narrators final line brings the conclusion to this story, I suppose I must kill myself (de Maupassant 18). Many sufferers of mental illness believe that suicide is the answer. On average, one out of every 10 schizophrenic patients will commit suicide. The high risk of suicide in schizophrenia is due in large part to the depression and paranoia that characterize the disorder (Veague). While unknown to the readers if the narrator actually kills himself, he was surely mad.This very madness has been documented in the real life of the author Guy de Maupassant. He himself tried to commit suicide by cutting his throat in 1891. His failed suicide attempt, his growing fear of death and paranoia led to his being institutionalized. He would spend his last 18 months of life in a Paris mental institution (Lombardi). His last work, The Horla should be remembered as one of his best short stories, one in which he had written himself into, as the stories own antagonist. Guy de Maupassants short life ended on July 6th, 1893. Works Cited de Maupassant, Guy. The Horla (Fantasy and Horror Classics).Digital. Read Books Limited, 2011. 1-18. eBook. Kaplan, Harold, and Benjamin Sadick. http//www. schizophrenia. com/family/misdiag. html. Schizophrenia. com. BaltimoreWilliams & Wilkins, n. d. Web. 18 Oct 2012. Lombardi, Esther. Guy de Maupassant Biography. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. . Veague, Heather. Schizophrenia, Impact on Families and Society. Suicide and Schizophrenia. N. p. , 12 2009. Web. 17 Oct 2012. .

Raid Research Essay

The word RAID stands for redundant ray of light of independent disks. wear out is usually expendd in environments with servers or at a business with vauntingly file servers, transaction of application servers, where data accessibility is critical, and fault security deposit is demand. There be 8 types of raids, Raid 0 is technically not a raid train because it offers no fault tolerance but, it operates by providing data stripping which takes the information and spreads it out over all the disk totes. However, if oneness drive fails than the entire raid fails. Raid 1 is also referred to as disk mirroring it basically takes the information from one disk and stores it on multiple disks, this is great for fault tolerance because if one disk fails the information is on another disk. The only drawback to raid 1 is data access speed and the cost because there are more disks involved. Raid 5 is considerably the most commonly used Raid take plainly because it provides both strippi ng and parity. The parity block is distributed to all of the drives making it easier to access the information or bring forth a balanced access load.The parity in raid 5 is used if one of the drives happens to fail, to go back that drive which makes the raid 5 the most common however the only drawback to this raid level is that it has a relatively slow write cycle. Lastly, RAID level 6 which is very similar to raid level 5 but provides two parity functions rather than just one. A minimum of four disks is required to create RAID level 6. Raid level 0, even though it offers no redundancy, is still of use mainly to those who use applications that require high bandwidth such as data streaming or pic editing software. Raid level 0 is also used because its most simple to implement. Raid level 1 is most expensive because it requires more disks to implement. It also requires heavy software manipulation and constellation to implement Raid level 1. If I were to purchase raid it would abso lutely be raid level 0 simply because its easy to implement and it would be efficient for my personal usage.

Plato theory of forms Essay

Plato was a duellist and thus believed that there are two worlds the material world and the world of ideas/Forms. The world of ideas or Forms is the true reality and the world of appearances is just reflections of world of Forms. Plato believed that our knowledge of the Forms was a priori which means that our souls knew the Forms before it was inside us, therefore we have knowledge prior to experiencing the objects with our senses.Plato believes everyone is born with an intuitive yet imperfect understanding of the Forms. He also believes the philosopher is able, through using his intellect, to achieve true knowledge of the filch Forms without using his senses. Platos theory of Forms mountain be seen as improbable to some who believe that rustle ideas e. g table, horse, beauty are actu solelyy names that have been invented to help people describe their experiences of the tangible world.This is a materialistic view as it suggests that objects in this world are the real reality a nd our ideas can develop based on experience of things. Aristotle agrees with this and believes knowledge is gained through experience and that there is not an imperishable World of Forms that is a priori to us. However, in Platos defence some believe that each variety of a Form shares a likeness for example each horse is slightly different yet they all share something that makes it resemble a horse.According to Bertrand Russell, Platos theory made a very alpha advance in philosophy, since it is the first to emphasise the problem of universals. Platos theory is often regarded as unconvincing due to the fact that Plato believes that every object and idea in the world of appearances is an imperfect copy of an estimate or Form in the World of Forms. This suggests that there is a perfect Form of things such as a cinema ticket, mud or an insect and so on. According to Bertrand Russell, his ideas of the Forms when taken to its extreme.

Minimum Wage and Unemployment Rate †A Direct Relationship Essay

In any labor market, free or regulated, in that location is friction and rigidity that result in labor issues. With 11 million the great unwashed unemployed, and millions more discourage or underemployed, in that location is justification to believe that these high population levels represent a glitch in the American labor market (1). These basic statistics, coupled with the elementary economic theory of supply and pauperism, examine that stripped-down take regulation has not only proven to be unsuccessful, notwithstanding should be eliminated immediately.Although mandatory lucre levels may be problematic in our coeval labor market, the theory supporting a stripped-down wage dates back to over three centuries ago. The earliest evidence of a mandatory minimum wage could be found in New Zealand when in 1894 there was an effort to extinguish sweatshop labor. a the like during this metre, Australia made amendments to the Factories Act which created a wage expense appal i n six industries that were considered to flummox pocket-sized paying wages. Although this amendment began as an experiment, within a few years additional amendments were created to expand minimum wage to over 150 varied industries (2).It took until the early 1900s for the minimum wage model to appear in the United States. In 1912, Massachusetts set up a commission not to demand minimum wages, scarcely to recommend them especially for women and children. Within eight years, 13 US states and capital letter DC implement their own compulsory minimum wage laws (3). Due to challenges from the Supreme Court during the Lochner Era a time where the Supreme Court exercised its power to protect economic liberty and private contracts it took until 1938 for federal minimum wage laws to manifest in the United States.Presented under the Fair Labor Standards Act under the scope of the barter Clause, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had the power to regulate employment. As a result, t he first ever federal minimum wage entered the market at 25 cents an hour (4). Today we have a federal minimum wage of $7.25/hour and regular(a) higher in nigh states like Washington where the minimum wage is over $9/hour.Aside from the role minimum wage laws play in our current market, theyve also made prominent news headlines and been in the minds of many an another(prenominal)(prenominal) laborers as of recently. Many of these headlines break in a desire by workers and politicians alike to raise the minimum wage. Organized protests by workers in the luxuriant food industry have assembled in the streets of major cities to bring to attention not only their demand for a much higher minimum wage, but for union representation as well. Additionally politicians like Barack Obama and Seattle Mayor Mike McGinn have spoken publicly about their desire for an increased minimum wage. fleck the President has put pressure on Congress to legislate a $9/hour minimum wage, Mayor McGinn has expressed his support for a $15/hour minimum wage by his various(prenominal) legislators (5).Aside from the strong political appeal that may encourage politicians to propose minimum wage increases, on the surface this type of legislation seems like a well-intentioned effort to raise the standard of life history of batch working for relatively low wages. This is not only because people naturally desire repair things for themselves, but it also seems like a productive way to align wages with levels of inflation that the national Reserve is primarily responsible for (6).To make minimum wage theory even more confusing, there have been multiple studies on the issue only to garner completely opposite results. David Neumark, an economics prof at UCI and William Washer, an economist on the board of governors at the Federal Reserve wrote a descriptive one hundred fifty-five page monograph that elaborately detailed the negative effects that minimum wage laws created.Conversely, David Ca rd an economics prof at UCB and Alan Krueger, a professor at Princeton University, published a highly renowned study that cogitate minimum wage laws would only cause minimal job loss and in some instances could even raise employment levels (7). However, when studying economic phenomena mixed results be completely common due to the nonstarter to meet the cetaris paribus condition, which stresses the concept of keeping variables constant. Not surprisingly, there were very few constant variables between these cardinal studies. So rather than fill this essay with the observations of others, I plan to mainly use deductive reason to discuss the logical consistency of my argument. Because minimum wage laws are not only self-defeating but also make society poorer, it is in everyones best interest, especially those the law is intended to help, to remove minimum wage laws immediately.In rudimentary economic studies, we learn about the affects supply and demand have on market clearing pr ices and that where supply meets demand is price equilibrium. We also learn that when prices are haphazardly set above equilibrium, the result is a surplus. Wage labor is no different, and when analyzing this data, the surplus can be expressed as unemployment.These surpluses (unemployment) result when the productivity of a laborer is not high enough to mug the new minimum wage. Now an economic burden to the company, the employer will have no choice but to terminate the employee(s) in order to remain profitable in their endeavors. Because these compulsory created economic burdens will in the main be people already earning relatively lower wages, wage price floors actually hurt the people they are intended to help. Even if one was to claim that the terminations resulting in raising the minimum wage were offshoot by the new people making higher nominal wages, this person would be committing an arbitrary value judgment.Additionally, minimum wage laws have a dampening effect on inne r city early days (8). After spending time in subpar public schooling, many underprivileged adolescents are forced to crook to the streets instead of taking a low paying position where he would be able to arise skills on the job. Rather than gain working experience, he is more prone to a perpetual cycle per second of poverty and violence. When viewed from a more macro approach, there are even worse social ramifications. Unemployment is universally agreed upon as a bad thing.This is because the negative effects have no offsetting benefits, rather they are considered a dead loss. When unemployment levels rise, people tend to crave acts of protectionism, which is are strives to restrict the immigration process and localize imports from competing countries. Not only can these actions lead to retaliatory actions from other countries, but can also mob the influx of cheaper goods, which will directly hurt the unemployed (9). Not only will unemployment lower substance national output , but it also creates a demand for costly federal and state services such as the unemployment program.Furthermore, the logic behind the minimum wage legislation seems to contain not only many dissenting opinions on what the nominal wage should be, but many faults in logic as well. devour to the cent, there are thousands of people who all support the minimum wage but at different amounts. Although most main stream public figures seem to restrain a wage price floor from exceeding $20/hour, wouldnt consistent logic prevail for compulsory wages of at to the lowest degree $100/hour or even $1,000/hour? Clearly, this is absurd. Rather than having economists design the economy, evidence prevails that it would be fail for people to decide respective wage levels on their own. While it may be true that domesticate rises in the minimum wage may not lead to substantial changes in the rate of unemployment, this is scarcely why these laws are self-defeating. This price floor only affects a small sect of the economy, making some of it unemployed.When laborers compete for a job, they have two tools. On one hand is productivity and ingenuity. On the other hand is the wage at wish they are willing to work for. If a relatively fruitless worker wants to compete with a highly productive worker, then he or she must naturally accept a lower wage. In doing this, the worker gains a form of payment through friendship and information that can be taken with them throughout life. Denying this ind ividual the right to do so, with arbitrary government price floors, removes his or her ability to compete and to find employment. Not only will this disarm the very people the laws were intended to help, but it also blocks a person from a basic right to work at whatever wage he or she chooses to do so at.Through the use of deductive reasoning, it is sort of clear that although well intentioned, minimum wage laws have created a disturbing effect on our contemporary labor market and have h ad negative effects on the people they were designed to help. It should come as no surprise then that the urbanareas of our nation experience the highest levels of unemployment.Works Cited1) Employment Status of Displaced Workers The editor programs Desk U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1 Sept. 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. 2) register of the Minimum Wage. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 08 Feb. 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. 3) Minimum Wage in the United States. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 21 Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. 4) Lochner Era. LII. Cornell University Law School, n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. 5) Associated Press. Seattle Mayor Would Support Minimum Wage above $15. USA Today. Gannett, 9 Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. 6) Casey, Chris. Killing the Currency. Ludwig Von Mises Institute, 27 May 203. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. 7) MacKenzie, D.W. The Ludwig Von Mises Institute. Minimum Wage Laws Economics versus Ideology. N.p., 14 June 2007. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. 8) Caldwell, Roger. Inner City blacken Male Unemployment At 50 Percent. West Orlando News Online 2013 Central Florida News, Info, Sports. N.p., 15 Nov. 2009. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. 9) The Cost Of Unemployment To The Economy. Investopedia. N.p., 9 Aug. 2011. Web. 21 Oct. 2013.